Lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, yakapfupikiswa seLN) ikristaro inoshanda-yakawanda uye yakawanda-chinangwa izvo inobatanidza yakanakisa electro-optic, acousto-optic, elastic-optic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, photorefractive effect uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemuviri. LN crystal ndeye trigonal crystal system, ine ferroelectric chikamu pakupisa kwekamuri, 3.m point group, uye R3c space group. Muna 1949, Matthias naRemeika vakagadzira LN imwe crystal, uye muna 1965 Ballman akabudirira kukura saizi hombe LN crystal.

In 1970s LN crystals yakatanga kushandiswa mukugadzirira kwe electro-optic Q-switches. Makristasi eLN ane mabhenefiti ekusina deliquescent, yakaderera hafu-wave voltage, lateral modulation, nyore kugadzira maelectrodes, nyore kushandisa uye kugadzirisa, nezvimwewo, asi ivo vanotarirwa nekuchinja kwephotorefractive uye vane yakaderera laser kukuvara zvikumbaridzo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuoma kwekugadzirira high optical quality crystals kunotungamirira kune kusaenzana kwekristal quality. Kwenguva yakareba,LN makristasi ane yakangoshandiswa mune imwe yakaderera kana simba repakati 1064 nm laser systems.

Kuti kugadzirisa dambudziko re photorefractive effect, basa rakawandas have zvaitwa. Nokuti iyo inowanzoshandiswa LN crystalinogadzirwa ne eutectic ratio yekuumbwa kwakafanana ye yakasimba-mvura nyika, thezvino zvikanganiso senge lithium vacancies uye anti-niobium mukristaro. Zviri nyore kugadzirisa makristasi maitiro nekushandura kuumbwa uye doping. Muna 1980,it’s akawana kuti doping LN makristasi ane magnesium yemukati inodarika 4.6 mol% inowedzeras the foto-kukuvadza kuramba neinodarika imwe odha yehukuru. Mamwe anti-photorefractive doped LN makristasi akagadzirwa zvakare, senge zinc-doped, scandium-doped, indium-doped, hafnium-doped, zirconium-doped., nezvimwewo. Nokuti doped LN ine urombo hwekuona kunaka, uye hukama pakati pephotorefraction uye laser kukuvara kushomeka kwekutsvagisa, zvaita isina kushandiswa zvakanyanya.

Kugadzirisa matambudziko aripo mukukura kwehombe-diameter, yakakwirira-optical-quality LN makristasi, vatsvakurudzi yakagadzira komputa yekudzora sisitimu muna 2004, iyo yakagadzirisa zvirinani dambudziko rekusagadzikana kwekutonga panguva yekukura kwehukuru-hukuru. LN. Chiyero chekutonga kwedhayamita yakaenzana chakavandudzwa zvikuru, icho chinokunda kushanduka kamwe kamwe mudhayamita kunokonzerwa nekutadza kutonga kwekristaro yekukura kwemaitiro, uye inovandudza zvakanyanya kufanana kwemaziso ekristaro. Kufanana kweOptical ye3 inch LN crystal iri nani pane 3 × 10⁻⁵ cm⁻¹.

Muna 2010, muongororis yakaratidza kuti kushushikana mukristaro yeLN ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekusagadzikana kwekushisa kweiyo LN electro-optical Q-switch. Pahwaro hwekombuta-controlled yakaenzana dhayamita tekinoroji yekukura yakakwirira yemhando yeLN kristaro, yakakosha kupisa kupisa maitiro kunoshandiswa kudzikisa zvakasara zvisina chinhu. Muna 2013,mumwe munhu akaronga izvozvo, sekushushikana kwemukati, iyo yekunze clamping kushushikana ane zvakafanana mhedzisiro patIyo tembiricha kugadzikana kweiyo electro-optic Q-switching application yeLN crystal. Vakasimukira an elastic musangano tekinoroji yekukunda dambudziko rekunze rekushushikana rinokonzerwa neiyo yechinyakare yakaoma clamping, uye nzira iyi yakasimudzirwa uye yakashandiswa mune 1064 nm akatevedzana lasers.

Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuti iyo LN crystal ine wide bhendi rekufambisa uye hombe inoshanda electro-optic coefficient, inogona kushandiswa mukati me-infrared waveband laser masisitimu, senge 2 μm. uye 2.28 μm.

Kwenguva yakareba, kunyange zvazvo basa rakawandas have yakaitwa paLN makristasi, pachine kushomeka kwehurongwa hwekutsvaga LN’s infrared photorefractive zvivakwa, iyo yemukati laser kukuvara chikumbaridzo, uye pesvedzero meshini yedoping pachikumbaridzo chekukuvadza. Iko kushandiswa kwe electro-optical Q-switchingyeLN crystal kwaunza nyonganyonga yakawanda. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuumbwa kweLN makristasi kwakaoma, uye mhando uye huwandu hwekuremara hwakawandisa, zvichikonzera kusiyana.ce inogadzirwa nevira dzakasiyana, zvikwata zvakasiyana, uye kunyange zvikamu zvakasiyana zvakafanana chidimbu chekristaro. Panogona kunge paine misiyano yakakura mumhando yemakristasi. Zvakaoma kudzora mashandiro ekuita kwe electro-optic Q-switched zvishandiso, izvo zvakare kudzora kushandiswa kwe electro-optic Q-switching yeLN makristasi kune imwe nhanho.

Yemhando yepamusoro LN Pockels cell yakagadzirwa neWISOPTIC